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Background and Objectives: Ethics is an important issue in various scientific fields, including rehabilitation and occupational therapy. Since ethics can be affected by the environment, culture, and religion, there was a need to identify a systematic examination of the published literature about ethics in occupational therapy in Iran.  Therefore, the purpose of this scoping review was to identify, summarize, and describe existing literature on ethic in occupational therapy in Iran.
Methods: A scoping review was conducted based on the five steps framework of Arksey and O’Malley. Two researchers separately searched international and Iranian database by using relative keywords for articles published from January 2000 to February 2019.
Results: After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the founded articles, seven articles were selected for evaluating the scoping review. Three articles have been performed quantitatively and four articles have been done qualitatively.
Conclusion: The lack of sufficient studies in the field of ethics in occupational therapy shown that it doesn’t take an important place in the following area of research. Therefore, this scoping review revealed the need for the conduction of extensive studies and further research in this area.

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Background & Objectives: Dementia is a prevalent disorder around the world. However, its chronic and progressive nature mostly affects physical and psychosocial characteristics and public healthcare. Recently, multisensory interventions have been used in people with dementia as one of the nonpharmacological treatment methods. This narrative review intends to explain multisensory stimulation programs or Snoezelen for those affected with dementia.
Methods: Keywords such as “sensory-based intervention”, “sensory stimulation”, “sensory processing”, “Snoezelen”, “sensory modulation”, and “dementia” were used in Scopus and PubMed databases with a sensitive search strategy in the articles published between 2000 and 2020.
Results: The initial search retrieved 255 articles. After reviewing and rejecting some duplicates, 65 studies remained in the field of multisensory interventions in dementia. However, only 8 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria.
Conclusion: Multisensory stimulations in dementia can be used as an adjunctive strategy alongside other therapies. Sensory diets can be applied in common home environments. For this purpose, it is better to use Dunn’s sensory processing model. So, along with individual components, context and occupations are also considered.
 

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Background: People with chronic mental illness have long been rejected from society and lost their self-identity and self-efficacy due to individual obstacles, such as continuous negative symptoms, lack of motivation, or social obstacles, like stigma, which reduce their self-confidence and prevent them from engaging in healthy activity patterns. One of the behavioral therapy methods used to increase the motivation of people with severe mental illness is token economy. 
Objectives: The purpose of this narrative review was to review and investigate the impact of the token economy on people with severe mental illness.
Methods: A search for studies published from 2002 to 2022 in PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted using the keywords “token economy”, “token reinforcement”, “contingency management”, “severe mental disorder”, “serious mental illness”, “chronic psychiatric disorder”, and “participation”. 
Results: In the initial search, 92 articles were obtained, and after reviewing and rejecting duplicates, 44 articles related to severe mental illness and token economy remained. Finally, 15 articles met the inclusion criteria and were selected for review. token economy can be an effective method in improving the performance of daily life activities, reducing the symptoms of mental illnesses and avoiding drugs, reducing alcohol consumption, and quitting smoking
Conclusion: token economy can be an effective method in improving the performance of daily life activities, reducing the symptoms of mental illnesses, drug abstinence, reducing alcohol use, and quitting smoking, but in reducing violence, the results of the studies were contradictory. It is recommended to carry out wider studies on the impact of the token economy method on the occupational performance and participation of chronic mental patients.
 

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Background and Objectives: The gap in noise auditory brainstem responses (GIN-ABR) is a valuable assessment tool for auditory temporal processing, offering non-invasive and objective measurements encompassing the entire auditory system from the cochlea to the brainstem. This method has been utilized in investigating various factors, including age-related effects, hearing loss, and tinnitus. This systematic review was conducted to present a thorough examination of (GIN-ABR), encompassing its methodology, applications, and inherent limitations.
Methods: This study was conducted based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Cochrane, PubMed, and Ovid databases were used to extract English articles from 1990 to June 2023. The search terms used were “gap in noise auditory brainstem response”, “ABR gap detection”, “ABR gap duration”, “ABR gap threshold”, and “ABR temporal processing”. Articles were included if gap-evoked ABR was used, investigating the effect of any factor on the responses, and using any gapped stimulus type. Articles whose evoked potentials did not include ABR waves were excluded. The outcome of interest was gap-evoked ABR in different participant groups.
Results: A total of 10 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion in the review. The articles were reviewed that including the study population, the methods, and the results. Despite the variability in the results of the studies, in the aged group, longer latency shifts and decreased peak amplitude were reported compared to the young group. Correspondence of behavioral thresholds with GIN-ABR has also been mentioned in studies.
Conclusion: The GIN-ABR method has been extensively utilized in investigating various factors, including age-related effects, hearing loss, and tinnitus. Notably, GIN-ABR has several clinical advantages, such as cost-effectiveness, shorter test duration, independence from alertness levels, attention, sleep depth fluctuations, or medication. Additionally, it has shown its compatibility with psychophysical tests. Further research is warranted to explore the impact of various factors on different components of GIN-ABR. Consequently, with its promising findings and growing body of research, the gap in noise test has the potential to be gradually integrated into the set of audiological clinical evaluations.
 

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Background and Objectives: Nystagmus has a negative effect on the patient's quality of life (QoL), leading to an increase in their dependence on others and a decrease in self-confidence and social relationships. Therefore, effective treatment and management are crucial in restoring those affected's visual function and social life. To determine whether contact lens (CL) use impairs the vision of infantile nystagmus (IN) patients, this study conducts a systematic review of the relevant literature.
Methods: This systematic review adhered to the guidelines of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). We searched databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for relevant studies published up to May 9, 2022. The search was not limited by study type (except for review articles), publication time, or language. We used medical subject headings (MeSH) and keywords such as “nystagmus,” “CL,” “congenital nystagmus,” “IN,” “rigid gas permeable lenses,” and “soft CLs”.
Results: Initially, 102 articles were identified. After removing duplicates, 76 articles remained. Of these, 39 were excluded during screening for irrelevance, and 8 were excluded due to inaccessible abstracts or full texts. Ultimately, 29 articles were included in this review.
Conclusion: The majority of studies reviewed reported no significant side effects from using CLs, and most patients achieved similar or improved visual function compared to using glasses. As a result, even if CLs are not superior to glasses, they perform comparably and can be considered a primary treatment option when there are indications for prescribing CLs.

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Background and Objectives: Appreciative assessment tools are necessary to implement the evaluation process in children with different disabilities. Versions of the children’s hand-use experience questionnaire (CHEQ) are available in several languages and are used in clinical environments. However, no study is conducted to compare the validity and reliability of this questionnaire in different languages. The current study aims to investigate the psychometric features of CHEQ in other languages.
Methods: The search was conducted in PubMed and Science Direct. Keywords included CHEQ, hand assessments, cross-cultural validation and psychometric properties. 
Results: We identified 5 articles in which the psychometric properties of this questionnaire were investigated. In this paper, we reviewed all 5 articles and presented the results according to consensus-based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments (COSMIN).
Conclusion: CHEQ is highly regarded to assess bimanual activities, particularly in children with hemiplegia. Its focus on hand usage experiences differentiates it from other tools in this domain. With demonstrated high validity and reliability, the CHEQ is adaptable across various societies and cultures, making it a valuable tool for treatment planning and evaluation.