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Background and Objectives: The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC-SES) is a reliable and sensitive tool used to measure the performance and function in overhead athletes with shoulder and elbow injuries. This study aimed to culturally adapt and validate the KJOC-SES questionnaire in the Persian language. 
Materials and Methods: A total number of 341 healthy competitive overhead athletes took part in this cross-sectional study and completed the KJOC-SES questionnaire. To assess the reliability of the KJOC-SES, 41 professional volleyball players filled out the questionnaire at the baseline and after a 4-week interval, during the off-season. Also, we compared the scores of KJOC-SES with those of the sports/performing arts module of disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand and the 12-item short-form health survey to test the construct validity. Moreover, we investigated the internal consistency and the concurrent validity of all measures.
Results: The KJOC-SES was correlated with the sports/performing arts module of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (r=−0.559, P<0.001), and the 12-item short-form health survey (r=−0.505, P<0.001). The KJOC-SES had an excellent internal consistency (the Cronbach alpha=0.92). Also, the intra-class correlation coefficients of test-retest reliability for the 10 items of KJOC-SES were excellent (ICC=0.82, P<0.001). The new score correctly stratified overhead athletes by the injury category (P<0.001).
Conclusion: The KJOC-SES is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the shoulder and elbow injuries in Iranian overhead athletes.
 

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Background and Objectives: Forgotten Joint Score-12 is a useful questionnaire to evaluate the level of joint awareness and patients’ ability to forget the involved joint. The objective of the present study was to obtain a tool to evaluate the level of joint awareness for use in Persian-speaking patients following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Methods: The present study was a methodological study in the field of psychometrics, in which after translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the FJS-12 questionnaire according to the ISPOR method, to examine its validity, the questionnaire was given to 114 participants who had passed between 1 and 3 years of their anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. To evaluate reliability, participants were asked to complete and resubmit the questionnaire after a week. In this study, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to analyze the repeatability of the questionnaire and measure Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency. Structural validity was performed by calculating the correlation between the FJS-12 questionnaire and Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis (WOMAC) and Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) questionnaires using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The level of ceiling and floor effect of the questionnaire was also assessed.
Results: Internal consistency and data repeatability were excellent for FJS-12 (Cronbach’s α=0.950 and ICC=0.845, respectively). In examining the validity, a weak to moderate correlation was obtained between the score of the FJS-12 questionnaire and the scores of the subscales of WOMAC (r=0.34) and KOOS (r=0.34). Also, a moderate correlation was obtained between the score of the FJS-12 questionnaire and the first question of the subscale of quality of life in the KOOS questionnaire (r=0.46), which indicates the validity of the average structure of the questionnaire. The floor (4.45%) and ceiling (3.50%) effect was low.
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the Persian version of the FJS-12 questionnaire can be used by Persian speakers. Also, this questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool to evaluate the level of joint awareness in individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

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Background and Objectives: This study was done to translate and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5) among Iranian martial arts athletes.
Methods: Translation and adaptation were performed in several stages with the instructions provided by Beaton et al. A total of 86 Persian-speaking martial arts athletes (42 males and 44 females) participated in this study. Descriptive statistics were reported for all items of SCAT5. For determining construct validity, the correlations between items of the Persian version of the SCAT5 and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were all reviewed. The reliability of the questionnaire was determined from two different aspects of test-retest reliability and internal consistency.
Results: The processes of translation and cultural adaptation were done by maintaining cultural adaptation through replacing appropriate words and terms, and finding semantic and perceptual equivalents. There was a significant difference between the results of male and female participants. For components of the SCAT5 in comparison with BDI, Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient (rho) was moderate with the Persian version of BDI 0.57 (p<0.001) in terms of the number of symptoms and severity of symptoms 0.50 (p<0.001). Regarding the test-retest reliability, the Persian version of the SCAT5 questionnaire showed excellent reliability for all items (ICC>0.75) and moderate reliability for the number of symptoms (ICC=0.48) and severity of symptoms (ICC=0.49). The coefficient of Cronbach’s alpha was more than 0.70 for all items of the Persian version of the SCAT5.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the SCAT5 is a valid and moderate reliable instrument for medical professionals and health care providers in concussion assessment. The ceiling effect was observed in three components, including orientation and two parts of concentration (backward recalling of digits+recalling of months in reverse order).

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Background and Objectives: Back pain and neck pain are prevalent health concerns, emphasizing the importance of identifying effective risk factors for prevention. This study aimed to cross-culturally adapt and validate a tool assessing back and neck pain in adults, with a specific focus on body posture, to the Persian language.
Methods: A methodological study was conducted involving forward and backward translation of the original English questionnaire into the Persian language. Face validity was evaluated with feedback from 30 participants, and content validity was determined using content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index based on expert opinions from 10 physiotherapy specialists. A total of 237 participants were involved in the study, with 90 completing the questionnaire again after one week for test re-test reliability assessment.
Results: The Persian version of the questionnaire demonstrated high content validity with a CVR above 0.6. The Persian version had suitable face validity. Test re-test reliability, assessed using percentage agreement and the Kappa coefficient, revealed satisfactory results, with all percentages above 70%. Notably, the intraclass correlation coefficient for questions 16 and 20 was 0.898 and 0.878, respectively.
Conclusion: The Persian version of the tool exhibits high validity and reliability, making it a valuable instrument for use within the Persian-speaking community.