2024-03-29T05:43:08+04:30 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=7&slc_lang=en&sid=1
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Factors Affecting the Caregiver Difficulties in Caring of Children With Cerebral Palsy Alireza Jamali jamaliar100@gmail.com Maryam Karimpour maryam_mehr7774@yahoo.com Seyed Hassan Saneii andishmandpress@gmail.com Ata Farajzadeh ata.farajzadeh@gmail.com Malek Amini amini.m@iums.ac.ir Background and Objectives: Cerebral Palsy (CP) can trouble caregivers in the families of children with cerebral palsy. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting caregiver troubles of the families of children with CP.  Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 121 children with CP and their parents participated. Factors such as gross motor function, manual ability, communication function, eating and drinking abilities, seizure, IQ, age, gender, auditory and visual problems were evaluated in children, and their predictive power to the caregiver difficulties was measured. Results: The Mean±SD of age of the children in the study was 9.7±4.6 years. The linear regression results showed that none of the evaluated factors were predictors of caregiver difficulties. Conclusion: The present study showed that none of the factors mentioned could predict caregivers’ troubles. Future studies on the factors affecting the caregiver difficulty should be conducted to provide additional information or to draw more complex models to describe caregivers’ difficulties in parents of children with CP in Iran.  Cerebral palsy Caregivers Difficulties 2020 2 01 1 10 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-110-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.66.1
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Investigation of Balance in Old People Residing in Nursing Homes Using Clinical Assessments Sogol Zeinali zeinali.sogol@yahoo.com Zahra Olyaei z.olyaei@yahoo.com Benyamin Kor benyamin.kor@gmail.com Maryam Binesh maryami.binesh@yahoo.com Background and Objectives: Balance problems are the main cause of falls and fall-related complications in the elderly. The objective of this study was to investigate the balance in old people residing in nursing homes using clinical assessments.  Methods: A total of 54 people participated in this cross-sectional study. Timed Up and Go (TUG) was used to assess balance regarding mobility impairments. The modified Clinical Test Of Sensory Interaction on Balance (CTSIB) was also used to assess balance regarding sensory problems. This test was used in 4 conditions: standing with eyes open on a firm surface, standing with eyes closed on a firm surface, standing with eyes open on a compliant foam, and standing with eyes closed on a compliant foam. Data analysis was done by SPSS V. 18 software.  Results: The mean time for the completion of TUG was significantly higher than standard scores in all age groups (P<0.05). Postural sway during standing with eyes closed on the ground, eyes open and eyes closed on the foam was more than standing with eyes open on the ground (P<0.001). Postural sway in standing with eyes closed on the foam was more in comparison with standing with eyes closed on the ground and eyes open on the foam (P<0.001).  Conclusion: Elderly people living in nursing homes had poorer motor skills to maintain balance. They also showed greater dependence on visual and sensory systems to maintain balance.  Older adults Postural equilibrium Sensory function 2020 2 01 11 16 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-113-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.137.1
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Cultural Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability of the Persian Version of Wexner Constipation Scoring System Parnian Mirbehresi pbehresi@gmail.com Afsaneh Nikjooy afsanehnikjooy@yahoo.com Javad Sarrafzadeh j.sarrafzadeh@gmail.com Holakoo Mohsenifar mohsenifarpt@gmail.com Background and Objectives: Chronic functional constipation is a prevalent and symptom-based disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Constipation takes several different forms among patients. The Wexner Constipation Scoring System (WCSS) was developed to present a uniform tool for the assessment of chronic functional constipation. The purpose of this study was to provide the Persian version of WCSS and assess its validity and reliability. Methods: WCSS was translated into Farsi. After being linguistically validated, the Persian version of the WCSS was administered to a sample of 76 patients with chronic functional constipation. Reliability tests were used to evaluate the internal consistency (the Cronbach alpha) and reproducibility (Intraclass Coefficient Correlation [ICC]) of the tool. The validation studies were conducted to assess the convergent validity (Correlated with the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptom [PAC-SYM]) and Concurrent Validity (Correlated with Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life [PAC-QOL]) of the tool, too. Results: The Cronbach alpha for total scores was 0.66 and the ICC was 0.85 (0.77-0.90, 95% CI). The total score of WCSS was significantly correlated with the total scores of PAC-SYM (r=0.67) and PAC-QOL (r=0.61).  Conclusion: The linguistic and psychometric evaluation demonstrated good validity and reproducibility of the Persian version of WCSS. Constipation severity Persian version Reliability Validity 2020 2 01 17 26 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-112-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.128.2
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 The Correlation Between Reach and Grasp Kinematic Measures and Clinical Measures of Manual Dexterity in Patients With Parkinson Disease Zahra Nodehi Saeed Behzadipour Akram Azad Akbar Soltanzadeh Ghorban Taghizadeh taghizadeh.gh@iums.ac.ir Background and Objectives: To investigate the correlation between reach and grasp kinematic measures and clinical measures of gross and fine manual dexterity in patients with idiopathic Parkinson Disease (PD).  Methods: Sixty patients (44 men, 16 women) with idiopathic PD (Mean±SD of age: 59.85±11.89 years) were recruited in this non-experimental cross-sectional study using a non-probability sampling method. Their gross and fine manual dexterity were assessed using the Box and Block Test (BBT) and Nine Hole Peg Test (NHPT), respectively. Also, reach and grasp kinematic measures (including normalized movement time, peak velocity, Maximum Grip Aperture [MGA], and percentage of movement time in which MGA occurred [PMGA]) were measured in the more affected hand.  Results: The results showed a significant and moderate correlation between reach kinematic measures (i.e. normalized movement time and peak velocity) and both gross and fine manual dexterity assessed by BBT (P=0.000) and NHPT (P=0.000), respectively. However, there was not a significant correlation between grasp kinematic measures (i.e. MGA and PMGA) and gross manual dexterity measured by BBT (P>0.05) as well as fine manual dexterity assessed by NHPT (P>0.05).  Conclusion: This study showed no to moderate correlation between reach and grasp kinematic measures and clinical measures of gross and fine manual dexterity in patients with PD, supporting the significance of multi-level evaluation using both clinical and kinematic measures in the evaluation of upper limb function in patients with PD.  Manual dexterity Reach and grasp Kinematic measures Parkinson disease 2020 2 01 27 34 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-116-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.35.3
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Persian Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score in Overhead Athletes Samineh Moarref moarref.s@gmail.com Shohreh Noorizadeh Dehkordi noorizadeh.sh@iums.ac.ir Mohammad Akbari Akbari.mo@iums.ac.ir Najmeh Sedighimehr najmehsedighimehr@gmail.com Background and Objectives: The Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic Shoulder and Elbow Score (KJOC-SES) is a reliable and sensitive tool used to measure the performance and function in overhead athletes with shoulder and elbow injuries. This study aimed to culturally adapt and validate the KJOC-SES questionnaire in the Persian language.  Materials and Methods: A total number of 341 healthy competitive overhead athletes took part in this cross-sectional study and completed the KJOC-SES questionnaire. To assess the reliability of the KJOC-SES, 41 professional volleyball players filled out the questionnaire at the baseline and after a 4-week interval, during the off-season. Also, we compared the scores of KJOC-SES with those of the sports/performing arts module of disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand and the 12-item short-form health survey to test the construct validity. Moreover, we investigated the internal consistency and the concurrent validity of all measures. Results: The KJOC-SES was correlated with the sports/performing arts module of the disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (r=−0.559, P<0.001), and the 12-item short-form health survey (r=−0.505, P<0.001). The KJOC-SES had an excellent internal consistency (the Cronbach alpha=0.92). Also, the intra-class correlation coefficients of test-retest reliability for the 10 items of KJOC-SES were excellent (ICC=0.82, P<0.001). The new score correctly stratified overhead athletes by the injury category (P<0.001). Conclusion: The KJOC-SES is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the shoulder and elbow injuries in Iranian overhead athletes.   Kerlan–Jobe Shoulder Elbow Cross-cultural adaptation Validation Persian language 2020 2 01 35 44 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-131-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.6
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Experience of Iranian Women With Multiple Sclerosis About Urinary Dysfunctions Consequences: A Qualitative Study Ghazal Roshdi roshdi.g@iums.ac.ir Shohreh Noorizadeh Dehkordi noorizadeh.sh@iums.ac.ir Mehdi Dadgoo dadgoo.m@iums.ac.ir Background and Objectives: This study aimed to identify the experiences of women with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) about urinary dysfunctions consequences. Methods: This qualitative study with the content analysis approach included 10 women with MS (age range: 29 to 59 years), who were recruited using a purposive sampling method with maximum variation. Through semi-structured in-depth interviews, the participants explained their experiences of urinary dysfunctions consequences. The obtained data were analyzed based on the content analysis method of Graneheim and Lundman. Results: The content analysis revealed three key themes: Physical consequences, psycho-emotional consequences, and economic consequences. Conclusion: Urinary dysfunctions cause widespread physical, psychological, and economic problems for women with MS. Therefore, treatment staff should address the MS patient’s concerns caused by urinary dysfunctions, in a non-threatening atmosphere, and help them to fearlessly manage their urinary problems.   Qualitative content analysis Multiple Sclerosis Urinary dysfunctions Lived experiences 2020 2 01 45 52 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-130-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.8
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 (MSWS-12) and its Relationship With Fatigue in People With Multiple Sclerosis Fatemeh Motaharinezhad Shahriar Parvaneh sh_parvaneh@yahoo.com Setareh Ghahari Background and Objectives: Walking disorder is one of the most important manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS), and indicates the progression of the disease. Fatigue and walking are considered as key symptoms affecting the patient’s quality of life. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between walking status and fatigue, in people with MS. Methods: A total number of 60 Iranian patients with MS completed the Persian version of the Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12 (MSWS-12), the Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS V. 20 software. The multivariate correlation and linear regression analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between fatigue, anxiety, depression, demographic characteristics, and MSWS-12 scores. Results: Gait problems were observed in 46.7% of the study participants. Also, the MSWS-12 scores were significantly associated with fatigue severity (P=0.001), in these patients. Moreover, depression, cognitive status, anxiety, and gait status were the most important factors affecting fatigue. Conclusion: According to the present results, the presence of depression, cognitive problems, anxiety, and gait disorders are the most important factors affecting fatigue, in patients with MS.   Multiple Sclerosis Walking Fatigue 2020 2 01 53 60 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-141-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.10
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Estimation of Final Cylindrical Spectacle Correction by Pentacam Raziye Dayyani raziye.dayyani6167@gmail.com Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.ir Ramin Salouti saloutir@hotmail.com Ali Mirzajani mirzajani.a@iums.ac.ir Background and Objectives: Keratoconus is a non-inflammatory asymmetric corneal degenerative disease characterized by the steepening and distortion of the cornea. In this disease, irregular astigmatism makes the subjective refraction difficult. Using the Pentacam, we aimed to determine the corrective astigmatism of the spectacle. Methods: The subjective refraction and Pentacam imaging were performed for 317 keratoconic patients who referred to the Salouti Eye Clinic, Shiraz, Iran. Then, the astigmatism values obtained with subjective refraction were compared with the values of anterior and posterior corneal surface astigmatism obtained with the Pentacam imaging. Results: The mean age of 317 keratoconic patients was 29.81 years (range: 15 to 45 years). The minimum, maximum, and average astigmatism of the corneal front surface were 0.3, 16.8, and 3.21 diopters, respectively. Also, the minimum, maximum, and average astigmatism of the corneal back surface were 0, 2.8, and 0.67 diopters, respectively. Moreover, the P value was lower than 0.001 in the regression analysis of the subjective refraction for both the power and axis of the cylinder. Conclusion: The regression formulas obtained in this study can accurately (with a probability of 99%) predict refractive astigmatism, using corneal astigmatism.   Pentacam Keratoconus Spectacle Subjective refraction 2020 2 01 61 68 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-128-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.7
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation of a Patient With Neuromyelitis Optica Mohammad Mohebbirad Saeed Sheykh Chalandari Ghodsiyeh Joveini joveiniot@yahoo.com Background and Objectives: Neuro Myelitis Optica (NMO) is a rare progressive and disabling autoimmune disease. The disabling consequences of the disease affect many aspects of the patients and their family life. multidisciplinary rehabilitation can be very effective in promoting quality of life and slowing disease progression by working with different disciplines. The aim of this study is to report the effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation on the performance and quality of life of a patient with NMO and her family.  Case Report: This study reports a six-month multidisciplinary rehabilitation program conducted for a woman with NMO and her caregiver. The rehabilitation team included the patient’s caregiver, a neurologist, an occupational therapist, and a speech therapist. The approaches of stabilization and recovery, maintenance, modification, and prevention were used through 70 sessions of occupational therapy. Also, the occupational performance was assessed with the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Furthermore, the Persian version of SF36 was used to assess the quality of life. The speech therapy intervention was performed in 24 sessions and included breath strengthening exercises, sound therapy, and laryngeal muscle manipulation. After six months, the results showed a great improvement in the quality of life of the patient and her caregiver. Conclusion: The use of team approaches in the face of progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as NMO has a significant impact on improving the quality of life of these patients and their families.    Multidisciplinary rehabilitation Neuro Myelitis Optica Occupational therapy Speech therapy 2020 2 01 69 76 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-142-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.9
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Phonological Knowledge in 5-year-old Bilingual Turkish Qashqai-Persian Children and Fars Monolingual Children Ali Ghorbani Seyed Hassan Saneii Pardis Yari pardisyari@ ymail.com Background & Objectives: Phonological awareness is a part of metalinguistic knowledge that is significantly associated with a wide range of language skills and processes, including literacy, and reading and writing skills. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phonological awareness skills in bilingual five years old Qashqai- Persian children with monolingual Persian speaking children.  Methods: 15 bilingual and 15 monolingual children (10 girls and 5 boys) were selected from kindergartens in Firouzabad, Fars, in February and early March 2020 and evaluated by Auditory Test of Phonological Awareness Skills (ASHA-5) for 5-6 years old Persian speaking children. Results: The results implied that the mean total score (P=0.733), as well as the mean score of each component of phonological awareness skills, including syllable awareness (P=0.328), rhyme awareness (P=0.625), and phonemic awareness (P=0.946) in monolingual 5-year-old children, were higher than the Qashqai-Persian bilingual group, but the differences were not significant (P≥0.05). Conclusion: The findings of the present study demonstrated that phonological awareness skills in the Persian language are higher in monolingual children than in Qashqai-Persian bilingual children, but the differences were not significant. Therefore, paying more attention and increasing knowledge about this aspect of language in bilingual children can be more effective in planning for education, evaluation, and treatment of phonological disorders in this group of children, especially in pre-school ages.   Phonological Awareness Bilingual Children Monolingual Children 2020 2 01 77 82 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-157-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.11
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Examination of Speech Signals’ Intensity Reconstruction Through Evaluation of the Frequency Responses of Behind-the-ear Hearing Aids Fitted With NAL-NL2 and DSLi/o v5 Prescription Formulas Hamed Tavana hamedtavana93@gmail.com Masoume Rouzbahani rouzbahani.m@iums.ac.ir Seyyed Jalal Sameni jsameni1@gmail.com Mohammad Maarefvand maarefvandm@gmail.com Background & Objectives: The widespread prevalence of hearing loss can leave restrictive impacts on the acoustic and psychoacoustic hearing components, language and speech development, education, and employment of those with hearing impairments. On the other hand, given that hearing aids are the most commonly used devices to help auditory rehabilitation, and speech is the most essential human interaction signal, the examination of hearing aid’s frequency responses and the capability of intensity reconstruction of speech signals according to the existing standards are of utmost importance. The present study was conducted to compare hearing aid’s performance with two prescription formulas, at three input intensity levels, and two hearing loss configurations. Methods: Using the FRYE FP35 analyzer, the present study examined two Phonak Bolero B50 hearing aids fitted with two prescription formulas (NAL-NL2 and DSLi/o v5) for two degrees of hearing loss (mild to moderately severe and moderately severe to severe) presented with intensity-filtered ISTS speech signals at three input intensities (50, 65, and 80 dB SPL).  Results: The DSLi/o v5 formula prescribed higher average gain and intensity reconstruction for both hearing loss degrees and at all three input intensities compared with the NAL-NL2 formula. Conclusion: Depending on the purpose of gain prescription, whether the loudness is important or speech intelligibility, the choice of an appropriate fitting formula can be affected.   Hearing Aid Hearing Loss Prescription Formula ISTS Stimulus 2020 2 01 83 90 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-129-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.12
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of Language Screening Test (LAST) for Patients in the Acute Phase of Stroke Seyyede Zohreh Mousavi Mousavi.slp@gmail.com Reyhaneh Jafari reyhaneh.jafari@wayne.edu Saman Maroufizadeh saman.maroufizadeh@gmail.com Mohammad Moez Shahramnia Moez95sh@gmail.com Mahsa Pourmohammadi Mahsa.pm2009@gmail.com Nahid Jalilehvand jalilevand.n@iums.ac.ir Background & Objectives: Aphasia is one of the most common consequences of a stroke; thus, screening tests for early diagnosis of the problem are necessary when dealing with aphasia patients. One of these screening tests is the Language Screening Test (LAST). The purpose of this study was to translate, validate, and utilize this test in the Persian language for patients after stroke. Methods: The original version of LAST was translated into Persian, and then administrated on 100 patients in the acute phase by two examiners at the patient’s bedside in order to check the inter-rater reliability. To assess the agreement between the two forms (a and b) of the LAST, Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC), weighted Kappa, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were used. Also, the Persian version of LAST and the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) were performed at the chronic phase with two independent examiners with blind scoring. Results: Inter-rater reliability between Rater 1 and Rater 2 on LAST-a and LAST-b score were very good for both phases. The CCC for LAST-a and LAST-b, respectively, were 0.874 and 0.865 for the acute phase and 0.923 and 0.927 for the chronic phase. The weighted Kappa for LAST-a and LAST-b, respectively, were 0.750 and 0.740 for the acute phase, and 0.822 and 0.846 for the chronic phase. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that LAST is a very simple, fast, and valid test and can be used as a reliable tool in stroke patients. Lack of cultural and language dependency are the advantages of using this test.  Language Screening Test Validity Reliability Stroke Aphasia 2020 2 01 91 100 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-134-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.13
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Translation, Validity, and Reliability of the Persian Version of Aphasia Rapid Test for Acute Stroke Seyyedeh Zohreh Mousavi Mousavi.slp@gmail.com Reyhaneh Jafari reyhaneh.jafari@wayne.edu Saman Maroufizadeh saman.maroufizadeh@gmail.com Mohammad Moez Shahramnia Moez95sh@gmail.com Mahsa Pourmohammadi Mahsa.pm2009@gmail.com Nahid Jalilehvand jalilevand.n@iums.ac.ir Background & Objectives: Aphasia is an acquired language disorder that affects daily communication and quality of life. Early diagnosis and the treatment of aphasia are important. In this regard, one of the screening tests is the Aphasia Rapid Test (ART). This study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of this test and extend the use of ART in the acute phase for patients with aphasia. Methods: The original version of ART was translated to Persian and 100 acute stroke patients were evaluated by ART. Besides, all the patients were assessed again after eight days by two independent raters to evaluate inter-rater reliability. Also, 70 patients were chosen to examine ART’s predictive ability; they were assessed using the Persian version of Western Aphasia Battery, after three months. Results: On day eight of the study, the Mean±SD ART was 11.26±2.03 for rater 1 and 11.44±2.04 for rater 2. Inter-rater reliability was good with the concordance correlation coefficient of 0.959 (95% CI: 0.939-0.972). Also, the Bland-Altman plot showed good agreement between raters without any significant trend/bias.  Conclusion: The ART is a test that includes features, such as reproducibility, predictability, and inter-rater reliability. This test is short and can be used in the acute phase of aphasia in patients with stroke. Aphasia rapid test Inter-rater reliability Stroke Aphasia Persian 2020 2 01 101 110 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-135-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.15
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Comparison of the Effects of Dry Needling and High-Intensity Laser Therapy on Pain Intensity and Pain Pressure Threshold in Females With Active Trigger Points in Upper Trapezius Muscle: A Single-blind Randomized Clinical Trial Azizeh Parandnia azize.parande@gmail.com Marzieh Yassin yassin.m@iums.ac.ir Javad Sarrafzadeh sarrafzadeh.j@iums.ac.ir Reza Salehi salehi200@yahoo.com Fereshte Navaei fereshte.navaei@gmail.com Background & Objectives: Myofascial Trigger Point (MTrP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders. The MTrP includes highly sensitive points within a taut band, is painful to palpation, and causes pain in a specific pattern. The MTrP is more prevalent in the upper trapezius muscle because this muscle plays an important role in maintaining the posture of the head and neck.  This study aimed to compare the effects of dry needling and high-intensity laser therapy on the clinical signs of females with active trigger points in the upper trapezius muscle. Methods: Thirty females with the active MTrP of the upper trapezius muscle were randomly assigned into two groups: high-intensity laser therapy group (n=15) and dry needling group (n=15); they received the interventions in five sessions for three weeks. The outcome measures included pain intensity and pain pressure threshold, which were assessed before and two days after the interventions.  Results: In both study groups, the scores of the visual analogue scale of pain were significantly decreased, also, the pain pressure threshold was significantly increased (P=0.001), after the treatment. However, the two groups did not significantly differ in any of the outcome measures (P>0.05). Conclusion: Both high-intensity laser therapy and dry needling can be employed to treat the MTrP of the upper trapezius muscle. Considering the effectiveness of the two treatments, each of the methods can be alternatively selected for these patients. Myofascial pain syndrome Myofascial trigger point Dry needling High-intensity laser therapy Upper trapezius muscle 2020 2 01 111 122 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-137-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.16
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Multisensory Stimulation in Dementia Masoome Zaree massomezaree@gmail.com Background & Objectives: Dementia is a prevalent disorder around the world. However, its chronic and progressive nature mostly affects physical and psychosocial characteristics and public healthcare. Recently, multisensory interventions have been used in people with dementia as one of the nonpharmacological treatment methods. This narrative review intends to explain multisensory stimulation programs or Snoezelen for those affected with dementia. Methods: Keywords such as “sensory-based intervention”, “sensory stimulation”, “sensory processing”, “Snoezelen”, “sensory modulation”, and “dementia” were used in Scopus and PubMed databases with a sensitive search strategy in the articles published between 2000 and 2020. Results: The initial search retrieved 255 articles. After reviewing and rejecting some duplicates, 65 studies remained in the field of multisensory interventions in dementia. However, only 8 articles fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Conclusion: Multisensory stimulations in dementia can be used as an adjunctive strategy alongside other therapies. Sensory diets can be applied in common home environments. For this purpose, it is better to use Dunn’s sensory processing model. So, along with individual components, context and occupations are also considered.   Nervous system disease Dementia Sensory deprivation Review 2020 2 01 123 130 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-132-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.19
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Rehabilitation Interventions for Gait Problems in Patients With Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Scoping Review Zahra Hassani zhassani.ot@gmail.com Hamid Reza Mokhtarinia hrmokhtarinia@yahoo.com Charles Philip Gabel cp.gabel@bigpond.com Background and Objectives: Gait and balance disturbances are challenging conditions in patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN). The overall literary consensus is that rehabilitation interventions are effective in improving gait performance in this patient group. This review sought to highlight and assess the literature and provide a scoping review on the current knowledge gaps in the rehabilitation interventions for the gait problems of patients with DPN. Methods: An electronic databases search was done between 2001 and May 2020. Besides, a hand-search method was used for grey literature. Two experts reviewed the results and screened them based on the subject’s diagnosis with DPN and gait problems. Results: Of 87 studies obtained, nine met the inclusion criteria. The frequent components of the rehabilitation interventions included exercise therapy, dual-task intervention, and the use of assistive devices. The outcomes utilized most frequently included changes in balance and stability, muscle strength, proprioception, function, and gait parameters. Conclusion: Evidence was formed as a scoping review to guide rehabilitation for DPN patients with gait problems. Rigorous comparative studies with clearly defined interventions are needed.   Rehabilitation Gait Diabetic peripheral neuropathy 2020 2 01 131 140 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-140-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.21
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Analysis of Connected Speech in Persian Aphasic Patients and its Relationship With Type and Severity of Aphasia Zahra Sadat Ghoreishi zahraqoreishi@yahoo.com Mojtaba Azimian mazimian@yahoo.com Javad Alaghband Rad rad@dal.cd Anahita Khorrami Banaraki Anahita.Khorrami@yahoo.com Seyed Majid Rafiee dr.mrafiee@yahoo.com Mahyar Salavati mahyarsalavati@uswr.ac.ir Amir Shiani Amir.shiani@kums.ac.ir. Narges Bayat narges.bayat1997@gmail.com Background and Objectives: There are several tests to determine the type and severity of aphasia, but they take a long time to administer when assessing aphasic patients. In recent years, the analysis of spontaneous speech has gained great attention because it is important to diagnose and follow post-treatment improvement in aphasic patients.  This study was done to assess some parameters of connected speech in aphasic patients. In addition, the correlation between connected speech parameters and the type and severity of aphasia was measured. Methods: We compared the connected speech parameters of 27 aphasics (10 fluent and 17 non-fluent), Persian speakers, compared with the control group. There were two groups matched by age, sex, and education. Nest’s bird story pictures were used to elicit a speech sample. In the next step, the connected speech was analyzed to define speech parameters, including speech rate, mean length of utterance, number of utterances, total words, content words, function words, nouns, and verbs. Moreover, the severity of aphasia was measured using a Persian Western Aphasia Battery (WAB).  Results: The findings showed significant differences between groups in all parameters of the connected speech (P<0.01). The correlation coefficient between speech parameters and severity of aphasia demonstrated that all parameters were highly correlated (r >0.71) with the severity of aphasia (P<0.01) except for speech rate and the number of function words. There were some typical differences between linguistics grammatical and pragmatical characters of different types of aphasia. Conclusion: Connected speech is one of the most sensitive parts of language in all types of aphasic patients. There are some clinical signs for differential diagnosis of aphasia based on speech measures. According to the findings, the type and severity of aphasia and connected speech were highly correlated. Thus, the use of the connected speech analysis is necessary as an assessment tool for the diagnosis of aphasia.   Aphasia Connected Speech Communication Disorder Speech Parameters 2020 2 01 141 150 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-118-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.4.14
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome Among Iranian Medical University Employees and Graduate Students in their Occupational Environment Milad Qolami qolami.m@iums.ac.ir Natalia Cantó-Sancho Mar Seguí-Crespo Elena Ronda-Pérez Ali Mirzajani mirzajani.a@iums.ac.ir Ghorban Taghizade gh_taghizade@yahoo.com Background and Objectives: The prolonged use of digital screens can cause a set of visual and ocular symptoms known as Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS), which is a common health issue among computer users. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CVS among university employees and graduate students in their occupational environment in Iran. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Rehabilitation School of Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. The study population (n=154) included all university employees and graduate students who spend at least one hour of computer work per day in their workplace. The participants completed a validated self-administered questionnaire. A descriptive analysis was performed and the prevalence of CVS was calculated. The correlations between variables were assessed using the Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients and non-parametrical tests were used to evaluate the association between CVS and predictor variables, as well as differences between subgroups.  Results: The Mean±SD age of the sample was 37.7±11.0 years, 64.3% were women, 57.8% were employee, 56.5% have higher education and the Mean±SD of computer usage time was 5.08±2.2. The total prevalence of CVS was 48.7% and the most frequent symptoms were eye redness (62.3%) and burning (56.5%). A significant positive correlation was found between the number of hours working with a computer and the total score of CVS (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.248, P=0.02). Moreover, the total score of CVS significantly differed between participants who use six or more hours the computer and those who spend less than six hours (Mann-Whitney U test: P=0.007).  Conclusion: This is the first investigation using a validated questionnaire to estimate the prevalence of CVS among computer users in the occupational environment, in Iran. The results show a relatively high prevalence of CVS these populations. The most affected are those who use the computer for a longer duration.   Computer vision syndrome Digital eye strain Ocular symptoms Occupational hazards 2020 2 01 151 160 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-138-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.4.17
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 The Effect of Cognitive Task on Postural Control Dynamic Regularity of Athletes With Chronic Ankle Instability When Standing on an Unstable Surface Shahab Asgari as.shahab@yahoo.com Esmaeel Ebrahimi Takamjani Reza Salehi Soheil Mansour Sohani Ghadir Abolghasemi Background and Objectives: Postural control disorder is a common complication in patients with Chronic Ankle Instability (CAI). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of dual cognitive task on postural control behavior with regard to the Center of Pressure (CoP) signal regularity while standing on an unstable surface in athletes with CAI. Methods: In the present study, 58 men participated in two groups of healthy and patients with CAI. The CoP signal was examined in 4 different unstable states on the wobble board located at the center of the force plate. The regularity of the signals recorded from the force plate was investigated using sample entropy in two directions: anterior-posterior and medial-lateral. Results: In both groups, there was a significant difference in CoP’s sample entropy signal when performing a cognitive task with a postural task (P<0.001). There was a significant difference between the two groups in the cognitive task and the single task in the anteroposterior direction while standing on two legs. Conclusion: During dual tasks, the patients with CAI have a more dynamic regularity in the CoP signal than their normal counterparts. In the dual-task condition, more irregularities are observed in the CoP signal of healthy individuals. In unstable conditions, patients with CAI decrease the adaptability of postural control behavior with increasing CoP signal regularity.   Chronic ankle instability Postural control Nonlinear dynamic Dual-task cognitive Athletes 2020 2 01 161 168 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-136-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.4.20
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Ergonomic Evaluation of Working Conditions in Orthotists and Prosthetists by Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) Behshid Farahmand farahmandb1@yahoo.com Maryam Mohammadi marymohammadi@gmail.com Babak Hassanbeygi babak.hassanbeygi@connect.polyu.hk Morteza Mohammadi morteza.mohammadi@gmail.com Hassan Saeedi saeedi2@yahoo.co.uk Masumeh Bagherzadeh Cham bagherzadehcham.m@iums.ac.ir Background and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders and evaluate the body position in routine tasks among orthotists and prosthetists. Methods: Forty orthotists and prosthetists were included. The scores of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire and the Rapid Entire Body Assessment were used to determine the prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders and analyze the work position of orthotists and prosthetists, respectively. An examiner evaluated 10 working postures that were dominantly used every day, in each orthotist and prosthetist. Results: Among the orthotists, 55.6% of men and 47% of women suffered from pain in the trunk, neck, and lower limbs. Nearly similar results were seen in the upper limbs (74.1% men and 45.5% women). Such high prevalence rates were not seen in prosthetists. The analysis of the Rapid Entire Body Assessment scores based on the working task and gender of the orthotist and prosthetist showed that more than 60% of the workers achieved a score of 4 to 7 approximately in half of the tasks. It shows the medium risk of musculoskeletal disorders, thus, corrective action is necessary. Conclusion: Based on the findings, musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent among orthotists and prosthetists, especially in the orthotist workers. To reduce these disorders, it is recommended to add ergonomic topics and training courses for working with devices to increase the knowledge of specialists and apply and select practical tools based on the principles of ergonomics.   Musculoskeletal disorders Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire Rapid entire body assessment score Orthotist Prosthetist 2020 2 01 169 178 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-143-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.22
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Color Vision in the Gas Station Workers of Isfahan City: A Quantitative Analysis With the Farnsworth D15 Color Test Asieh Sadat Sedighi sedighy.a@gmail.com Ali Mirzajani mirzajani.a@iums.ac.ir Ebrahim Jafarzadehpur jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.ir Jamileh Abolghasemi abolghasemi.j@iums.ac.ir Background and Objectives: The color vision evaluation of gas station workers in Isfahan City. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was performed on workers at gas stations in Isfahan; all the workers were men. The participants were divided into two 40-people groups of exposure and non-exposure (the members of the fuel sales department). The participants had better vision than 8/10 and no underlying problems or eye disease. Besides, examination, including color vision was performed for all subjects. Color vision was assessed using the D15 test under high to medium light conditions. Also, the color vision test was performed monocularly. Then, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS V. 22. Results: The two study groups significantly differed in terms of color vision impairment index (P <0.001). Also, more color vision defects were seen in the group exposed to gasoline. The color confusion index (as the indicator of color vision defects) were 1.485 and 1.129 in exposure and non-exposure to gasoline groups, respectively. Thus, color vision defects were significantly higher in the exposure to gasoline group, compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study showed a difference in color vision index between the two groups. Therefore, long-term exposure to organic solvents, such as gasoline in fuel stations may cause color vision loss.   Colour vision Occupational exposure Gas 2020 2 01 179 184 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-139-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.23
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 The Effect of Psychological Factors on Cognitive Functions in Stroke Patients With Chronic Fatigue Lale Lajevardi laleh23275@yahoo.com Ghorban Taghizade Gh_taghizade@yahoo.com Zahra Parnain ZahraParnian1272@gmail.com Background and Objectives: Cognitive and psychological impairments are among the disabling consequences of chronic stroke. Despite the high prevalence of these impairments in patients with chronic stroke and the significant impact of psychological factors on cognitive factors in other neurological diseases, no study was found to investigate the relationship between psychological factors and cognitive factors in chronic stroke patients with chronic fatigue. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between psychological factors and cognitive functions in chronic stroke patients with chronic fatigue Methods: A total of 85 chronic stroke patients with chronic fatigue visited  the Rehabilitation Centers of Tehran, Iran, were selected through the simple non-probability sampling method and enrolled in this correlational study. The Fatigue Severity Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to measure the levels of the fatigue, depression, and anxiety of patients with strokes, respectively. Besides, the cognitive functions of the participants were assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, and the Pain Visual Analog Scale. Results: Based on the regression models, the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment explained up to 24.2% and 39.6% of the variance of cognitive functions, respectively. In all step-by-step models, the variables of anxiety, education level, and depression were the strongest predictors of cognitive functions. Conclusion: According to the clinical findings, psychological impairments, such as anxiety can adversely affect cognitive factors in chronic stroke patients with chronic fatigue. Therefore, therapeutic interventions focused on psychological factors may considerably improve the cognitive skills of these patients.   Anxiety Depression Cognition Education level Stroke Fatigue 2020 2 01 185 192 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-133-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.24
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Shadow of COVID-19 on the Education of Hearing-Impaired Children Faeze Jahangir Feizabadi jahangirf981@mums.ac.ir Haniye Mastour mastourh@mums.ac.ir N/A 2020 2 01 193 194 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-148-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.25
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Evaluation of Hip Frontal Plane Flexibility and Strength in Male Sprinter Runners With Unilateral Patellofemoral Arthropathy: A Case-Control Study Pezhman Masoudi masoudip2002@yahoo.com Soheil Mansour Sohani mansorsohani.s@iums.ac.ir Ali Amiri amiri.a@iusm.ac.ir Background and Objectives: Patellofemoral Arthropathy (PFA) is the most common knee disorder in runners and various factors can lead to the development of its symptoms. It has been proposed that frontal plane motions of the hip and knee can raise the dynamic quadriceps angle during functional tasks. The aim of this study was to evaluate frontal plane acting hip muscle flexibility and strength differences in male sprinter runners with unilateral PFA. Methods: A total of 38 male runners complaining of peripatellar pain or showing positive unilateral patellar grind test, assigned to the normal and sound legs, and 20 matched control groups were compared in this case-control study. Participants’ hip abductor and adductor muscles strength and their flexibility were evaluated through a hand-held dynamometer and 2D motion analysis tracker software. To measure the strength, participants were positioned side-lying position, performing abduction and adduction, while a dynamometer was placed on the lateral and medial femoral epicondyle. Active and passive abduction and adduction range of motion were recorded via a camera in the supine position and the film was analyzed by the software.  Results: Abductor muscle strength and abduction-to-adduction ratio on the involved side were significantly lower than the uninvolved side (P=0.029, P=0.008, d=-0.388, d=-0.459), while greater adduction and lower abduction to adduction ratio were found in the control group (P<0.001, F=3.599). Also, lesser passive abduction and active adduction range of motion were found in the control group on both sides (P<0.001, F=2.792, F=8.979).  Conclusion: Strength changes of the involved side compared with uninvolved side and less flexible side, but more probably inhibited and stronger adductors in the control group may suggest impaired muscular interaction based on frontal plane muscles torque/length curve function in unilateral PFA. Changes in the strength of the involved side compared to the healthy side and the adductor muscles with more flexibility and strength but more inhibited by the abductor’s muscles in the control group could indicate.   Muscle strength Joint flexibility Running Patellofemoral pain syndrome 2020 2 01 195 204 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-147-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.27
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Function and Disability Journal Func Disabil J 2588-6304 2588-6304 10.30699/fdisj 2020 3 1 Do Psychological Factors, Pain, and Sleep Quality Correlate With Disability and Occupational Performance in Hand Burns? Mahnoosh Khanipuor Laleh Lajevardi laleh23275@yahoo.com Ghorban Taghizadeh Background and Objectives: Burn injuries are one of the most common traumas after traffic accidents, falls, and interpersonal violence. This study was done to investigate the correlation between psychological factors, pain, and sleep quality, and disability and occupational performance in subjects with hand and upper extremity burns. Methods: A total of 80 patients with hand and upper extremity burn injuries (16 females and 64 males) with a Mean±SD age of 39.9±10.79 years, mean burn depth (Deep Partial Thickness/ Full Thickness) of 3.42±2.66, and Mean±SD burns extent 1.06±0.24 participated in this non-experimental cross-sectional study using a non-probability sampling method. Their psychological disorders were measured using the Beck Anxiety Disorder Scale and the Self-Rating Depression Scale. The pain was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale, sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), disability was assessed using the Shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire, level of independence in daily living activity was measured by the Modified Barthel Index, and occupational performance was measured by the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Results: Psychological factors, pain, and sleep quality were significantly correlated with disability and occupational performance. The regression models explained up to 34.4% of the variance for disability outcome and 12.4% for occupational performance. By assessing the correlation between the psychological disorders, pain, and sleep quality, and disability and occupational performance in these patients, we found that sleep quality was the strongest contributing factor Followed by PSQI. Conclusion: Sleep quality is one of the important factors affecting the occupational performance of patients with hand and upper extremity burns injury that should be considered by therapists.   Burns Psychological factors Correlation 2020 2 01 205 212 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/article-1-149-en.pdf 10.32598/fdj.3.28