en بینایی سنجی Optometry پژوهشي Research <strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of the present study is to compare central and peripheral refraction among children of 4-6 year-old user and non-user of smartphones and /or other electronic screens.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Methods:</strong> In this cross-sectional study, 106 children aged 4-6 years were enrolled in two groups of user (56 children: 34 boys and 22 girls) and non-user (50 children: 30 girls and 20 boys) of smartphones and /or other electronic screens.<br> The user group used smartphones and /or other electronic screens for 1-3 hours a day for at least one year and non-user group either did not use these screens or used less than half an hour occasionally and not every day.<br> All children had visual acuity of at least 20/20 with or without correction and showed no other ocular or systemic diseases. Both groups were evaluated for central refraction and peripheral refraction up to 20&deg; eccentricity in nasal and temporal directions and up to 10&deg; eccentricity in superior direction using the Shin-Nippon K5001 autorefractometer. The outcome measures were compared with SPSS statistical software.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp; <strong>Results:</strong> The findings showed no statistically significant difference in terms of central and peripheral refraction in superior, nasal and temporal eccentricities between the user and non-user groups (p>0.05).<br> <strong>&nbsp;&nbsp; Conclusion:</strong> According to the results of the present study, it concludes that using smartphones and/or other electronic screens for 1-3 hours a day shows no effect on central and peripheral refraction in children with low range of refractive errors. Smartphone, Electronic screens, Peripheral refraction, Central refraction 105 110 http://fdj.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-119-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Seyede Masoumeh Hosseini hosseini2222@yahoo.com 10031947532846001602 10031947532846001602 No MSc Student of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ali mirzajan mirzajani.a@iums.ac.ir 10031947532846001603 10031947532846001603 Yes Associate Professor of Optometry, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Ebrahim Jafarzadehpour Jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.ir 10031947532846001604 10031947532846001604 No Professor of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Jamileh Abolghasemi Abolghasemi1347@yahoo.com 10031947532846001605 10031947532846001605 No Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,